Sierra Negra, Galápagos Islands

Oct 22, 2005

The first activity at Sierra Negra since its large eruption in November 1979.

Anatahan, Mariana Islands

Apr 6, 2005

This eruption, though not particularly large, was notable for producing a very dense ash cloud (note the very high AI values in the AI image). However, note that the TOMS version 8 AI used here is higher than the old version 7 AI.

Manam, Papua New Guinea

Nov 2004 -
Jan 2005

Continuous activity, including some powerful Strombolian eruptions, beginning at Manam in October 2004, have produced several significant SO₂ clouds. The eruption column rose to 17-18 km on Nov 24, and maybe to 21-24 km on Jan 28, 2005. Further details are available on the Darwin VAAC website.

Ambrym, Vanuatu

Oct 7, 2004

SO₂ degassing from Ambrym was apparent throughout September and into October. A relatively large plume was detected on 7 October.

Asama, Japan

Sep 15, 2004

SO₂ emissions during activity at Asama in mid-September.

Bromo, Indonesia

Jun 9, 2004

SO₂ clouds generated by a small explosive eruption on June 8.

Nyamuragira, DR Congo

May 8, 2004

SO₂ cloud first observed at 1056 local time on May 8; the eruption began around 0548 local time. Some SO₂ may be sourced from Nyiragongo, which is also currently active. There was a data gap over the region on May 9. AIRS images of this eruption are also available.

Soputan, Indonesia

Sep 1, 2003

Gas plume from Soputan - MODIS image available on Darwin VAAC website.

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Jul 12, 2003

This SO₂ cloud was produced by explosions at the climax of a major dome collapse on July 12.

Lopevi, Vanuatu

Jun 8, 2003

A small explosive eruption began at Lopevi on June 8. TOMS detected an SO₂ cloud W of Fiji on June 9.

Anatahan, Mariana Islands

May 10, 2003

TOMS data gaps hampered detection of the early phase of this eruption, but significant SO₂ and ash emissions were detected on subsequent days. No EP TOMS data were available from May 15-23. From May 24, continued emissions were detected.

Nyiragongo, DR Congo

Apr-June 2003

Significant SO₂ emissions from Nyiragongo have been detected since late April.

Vanuatu

Jan 2003

TOMS detected a small SO₂ cloud over Vanuatu on January 8, indicating a possible small eruption or degassing episode. The source volcano has yet to be identified, though the cloud was observed in the vicinity of Lopevi and Ambrym (Lopevi is marked on the images).

Nyiragongo, DR Congo

Jan 2003

SO₂ from Nyiragongo was still perceptible in TOMS data until mid-January.

Nyiragongo, DR Congo

Dec 2002

Degassing from Nyiragongo became visible once again in TOMS data around December 3 (see below for images from October-November). Data gaps occur over Nyiragongo every other day.

Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion

Nov 16, 2002

Piton de la Fournaise erupted on November 16. A small SO₂ plume was observed by TOMS on Nov 17.

Papandayan, Indonesia

Nov 11, 2002

Papandayan began erupting on November 11. Small amounts of SO₂ were observed by TOMS on Nov 13 and 15. GMS-5 visible images of the volcanic cloud on Nov 15 can be viewed on the Darwin VAAC website.

El Reventador, Ecuador

Nov 3, 2002

Local times of TOMS overpasses are shown. The TOMS swath was not ideally placed for detection of the Reventador eruption cloud on Nov 3, but some SO₂ and ash was seen, with the SO₂ signal being more extensive at the time of the overpass. On Nov 4, TOMS detected several distinct SO₂ masses and an ash cloud - note separation of the ash and gas.

Etna, Italy

Oct 27, 2002

EP TOMS detected SO₂ and ash associated with the latest eruption of Mt. Etna in Sicily. This eruption has produced stronger signals in the TOMS data than the July-August 2001 eruption, suggesting that the October 2002 plume may have reached higher altitudes. Check out MODIS images of the eruption on the NASA Earth Observatory website.

Nyiragongo, DR Congo

Oct-Nov, 2002

Intense degassing from Nyiragongo became visible in TOMS data around October 7, continuing through October and November.

Ruang, Indonesia

Sep 25, 2002

The TOMS overpass on Sep 25 was too early to capture the fresh eruption cloud, but ash and SO₂ were evident on the following day. The aerosol signal over S Borneo is at least partly due to smoke from biomass burning; the ash cloud from Ruang can be seen over NE Borneo. A data gap may be obscuring any SO₂ or ash immediately west of Ruang.

Nyamuragira, DR Congo

Jul 26, 2002

SO₂ cloud first detected at 1138 local time on Jul 26. Some SO₂ may be sourced from Nyiragongo. A MODIS image of the July 26 cloud can be seen on the NASA Earth Observatory website. EP TOMS unfortunately entered safe hold mode on August 2, prematurely curtailing tracking of this eruption. No further SO₂ was detected when data collection resumed on August 13.

Nyiragongo, DR Congo

Jan 17, 2002

SO₂ cloud detected at around 1100 local time on Jan 17.

Bezymianny, Kamchatka

Aug 7, 2001

Local time of TOMS overpass indicated.

Tungurahua, Ecuador

Aug 6, 2001

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Jul 30, 2001

Cloud produced by a lava dome collapse on July 29.

Shiveluch, Kamchatka

May 22, 2001

Local times of TOMS overpasses indicated.

Ulawun, Papua New Guinea

Apr 30, 2001

Data gap over volcano. See visible images of the eruption cloud courtesy of Darwin VAAC.

Popocatépetl, Mexico

Apr 29, 2001

Cleveland, Aleutian Islands

Mar 19, 2001

Cleveland, Aleutian Islands

Mar 11, 2001

Cleveland, Aleutian Islands

Feb 19, 2001

Nyamuragira, D.R. Congo

Feb 2001

AI images suggest sulfate aerosol production (negative AI).

Popocatépetl, Mexico

Dec 19, 2000

Data gap over region on Dec 20.

Popocatépetl, Mexico

Dec 15, 2000

Ulawun, Papua New Guinea

Sep 28, 2000

No data available over PNG on Sep 29 due to a data gap. Visible images of the eruption cloud courtesy of Darwin VAAC.

Miyakejima, Japan

Aug 2000

Separation of SO₂ and ash evident in Aug 19 cloud. An airliner encountered the Aug 19 ash cloud in flight and sustained US$4 million in damage. Ozone anomalies on Aug 18, 24 and 28 indicate SO₂ emissions.

Láscar, Chile

Jul 20, 2000

Ash from a short eruption on July 20. A data gap truncates the eastward extent of the cloud.

Hekla, Iceland

Feb 27-29, 2000

As the cloud drifted near the light terminator the retrievals were cut off. Extensive sulfate aerosol signal associated with the cloud.

Nyamuragira, D.R. Congo

Jan - Feb 2000

Tungurahua, Ecuador

Nov 16, 1999

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Jul 20, 1999

Cloud produced by a lava dome collapse on July 20. Separation of SO₂ and ash evident.

Shishaldin, Aleutian Islands

Apr 19, 1999

No further ash detected after April 19.

Mt Cameroon, Cameroon

Mar 28, 1999

First detection by TOMS (March 30) followed the opening of a new set of fissure vents on the volcano, which produced a voluminous lava flow.

Popocatépetl, Mexico

Nov 25, 1998

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Nov 12, 1998

Cloud produced by a lava dome collapse on November 12.

Nyamuragira, D.R. Congo

Oct 1998

AI images show sulfate aerosol production.

Manam, Papua New Guinea

Oct 5, 1998

Visible images of eruption plume courtesy of Darwin VAAC.

Cerro Azul, Galápagos Islands

Sep - Oct 1998

GOES Vis/IR images of initial eruption. Note that sunglint over the ocean can also produce positive Aerosol Index values.

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Jul 3, 1998

Cloud produced by a lava dome collapse early in the morning of July 3.

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Dec 26, 1997

Separation of SO₂ and ash evident.

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Aug - Oct 1997

Ash from Vulcanian explosions during Aug and Sept/Oct 1997. Ozone data indicate a possible SO₂ cloud on Oct 19.

Popocatépetl, Mexico

Jul 3, 1997

Bezymianny, Kamchatka

May 8, 1997

Langila, Papua New Guinea

Feb 1997

Manam, Papua New Guinea

Feb 8-11, 1997

ADEOS overpasses precede Earth Probe by ~1 hour. Ozone anomalies on Feb 9 and 11 are suggestive of weak SO₂ clouds from Manam.

Nyamuragira, D.R. Congo

Dec 1996

ADEOS overpasses precede Earth Probe by ~1 hour. Negative Aerosol Index indicates sulfate aerosol production.

Merapi, Java

Nov 22, 1994

Ash cloud generated by a large dome collapse on Nov 22.

Kliuchevskoi, Kamchatka

Oct 1, 1994

Converging orbits at high latitudes produce 2 TOMS overpasses of Kliuchevskoi on Oct 1. Time between overpasses is ~1.7 hours.

Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

Sep 19, 1994

Visible/IR images of eruption plumes courtesy of Darwin VAAC.

Nyamuragira, Zaire

Jul 1994

AI images indicate sulfate aerosol production.

Rinjani, Indonesia

Jun-Aug, 1994

Visible/IR images of eruption plumes courtesy of Darwin VAAC.

Shiveluch, Kamchatka

Apr 22, 1993

Láscar, Chile

Apr 18, 1993

Nimbus-7 overpasses precede Meteor-3 by 3-4 hours.

Mt. Spurr, Alaska

Sep 16, 1992

Times (Alaskan time) of TOMS overpasses are given in brackets.

Mt. Spurr, Alaska

Aug 18, 1992

Times (Alaskan time) of TOMS overpasses are given in brackets. Note that Meteor-3 overpasses were late in the day, precluding accurate SO₂ retrievals due to low light levels.

Mt. Spurr, Alaska

Jun 27, 1992

Times (Alaskan time) of TOMS overpasses are given in brackets. Due to the high latitude of the volcanic cloud, it was detected in several TOMS orbits on each day.

Cerro Negro, Nicaragua

Apr 1992

Meteor-3 overpasses precede Nimbus-7 by several hours.

Marchena, Galápagos Islands

Sep 26, 1991

Possible sulfate signal in AI image on Sep 26. Most Meteor-3 overpasses of Marchena were too early in the day to be of any use for this eruption.

Nyamuragira, Zaire

Sep 1991 - Jul 1992

Cerro Hudson, Chile

Aug 1991

Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines

Jun 12 - 19, 1991

The 1991 Pinatubo eruption is the largest seen by TOMS to date. These images document the precursory explosions (June 12-14) that occurred prior to the paroxysmal eruption on June 15 (which were significant events themselves), the enormous SO₂ and ash clouds produced on June 15 (seen in the June 16 image), and the first week of transport of the SO₂ cloud around the globe.

Fernandina, Galápagos Islands

Apr 19, 1991

Weak ash signal seen over Fernandina on April 20.

Hekla, Iceland

Jan 17, 1991

The eruption cloud was north of the terminator in the polar night region for the first few days of atmospheric residence, then it moved south across Russia and was detected by TOMS near the Black Sea.

Gamalama, Indonesia

Apr 25, 1990

Redoubt, Alaska

Feb-Apr 1990

TOMS detected several of the explosive lava dome destruction events that occurred during Redoubt's 6-month eruption.

Kelut, Indonesia

Feb 10, 1990

Infrared images of eruption plume courtesy of Darwin VAAC. AI images show sunglint features over Indian Ocean (Feb 11, 12) and off N. Australia (Feb 12).

Kliuchevskoi, Kamchatka

Jan 29, 1990

Redoubt, Alaska

Jan 1990

TOMS detected several of the explosive lava dome destruction events that occurred during Redoubt's 6-month eruption.

Redoubt, Alaska

Dec 14, 1989

Due to low light levels in Alaska in the N. Hemisphere winter, TOMS was unable to detect this cloud until it moved into lower latitudes.

Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia

Sep 1, 1989

Nyamuragira, Zaire

Apr - May 1989

Ambrym, Vanuatu

Apr 24, 1989

Soputan, Indonesia

Apr 22, 1989

Pacaya, Guatemala

Mar 9, 1989

Lonquimay, Chile

Dec 25, 1988 January 25, 1989

Two overpasses available for some days due to overlapping TOMS orbits at these latitudes.

Fernandina, Galápagos Islands

Sep 14, 1988

Along with SO₂, some ash from phreatic explosions was also detected.

Makian, Indonesia

Jul 29, 1988

Visible/IR images of July 29 eruption plume courtesy of Darwin VAAC.

Banda Api, Indonesia

May 9, 1988

Visible image of May 9 eruption plume courtesy of Darwin VAAC.

Nyamuragira, Zaire

Dec 1987 - Jan 1988

Kliuchevskoi, Kamchatka

Feb 19, 1987

Chikurachki, Kurile Islands

Nov - Dec 1986

Izu-Oshima, Japan

Nov 1986

SOI and AI images of plumes from Oshima and Chikurachki (Kurile Islands) on the same day. Oshima produced little (if any) detectable ash.

Ambrym, Vanuatu

Nov 1, 1986

SO₂ degassing from Ambrym.

Nyamuragira, Zaire

July 16, 1986

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jun 27, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 47 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jun 2, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 46 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

May 8, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 45 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Pavlof, Alaska

Apr 16, 1986

Kilauea, Hawaii

Apr 14, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 44 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Augustine, Alaska

Mar 27, 1986

Kilauea, Hawaii

Mar 22, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 43 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Feb 23, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 42 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jan 28, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 41 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jan 2, 1986

SO₂ emissions from Episode 40 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Ulawun, Papua New Guinea

Nov 20, 1985

Kilauea, Hawaii

Nov 14, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 39 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia

Nov 13, 1985

Marked separation of SO₂ and ash components in the volcanic cloud.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Oct 21, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 38 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Sep 25, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 37 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia

Sep 11, 1985

Kilauea, Hawaii

Sep 3, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 36 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kliuchevskoi, Kamchatka

Aug 16, 1985

Sangeang Api, Indonesia

Jul 30, 1985

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jul 26, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 35 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jul 7, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 34 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jun 13, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 33 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Bezymianny, Kamchatka

Jun 12, 1985

Soputan, Indonesia

May 20, 1985

A jumbo jet en route from Hong Kong to Sydney encountered the ash cloud on 20 May at 0058 .

Kilauea, Hawaii

Apr 22, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 32 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Mar 14, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 31 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Canlaon, Philippines

Mar 13, 1985

Kilauea, Hawaii

Feb 4, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 30 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Heard Island

Jan 14, 1985

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jan 4, 1985

SO₂ emissions from Episode 29 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Dec 4, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 28 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Bezymianny, Kamchatka

Nov 13, 1984

Kilauea, Hawaii

Nov 3, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 26 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Sep 20, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 25 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Mayon, Philippines

Sep 9, 1984

Krafla, Iceland

Sep 4, 1984

Times (local) of TOMS overpasses given in brackets for days with 2 images.

Soputan, Indonesia

Aug 31, 1984

Kilauea, Hawaii

Aug 20, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 24 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jul 29, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 23 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jul 9, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 22 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jul 1, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 21 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Merapi, Java

Jun 15, 1984

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jun 8, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 20 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Soputan, Indonesia

May 24-26, 1984

Kilauea, Hawaii

Apr 19, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 18 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Fernandina, Galápagos Islands

Mar - Apr 1984

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Mar - Apr 1984

Kilauea, Hawaii

Mar 4, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 16 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Nyamuragira, Zaire

Feb - Mar 1984

Kilauea, Hawaii

Feb 15, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 15 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jan 31, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 14 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jan 21, 1984

SO₂ emissions from Episode 13 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Pavlof, Alaska

Dec 15, 1983

Kilauea, Hawaii

Nov 30, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 12 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Pavlof, Alaska

Nov 14, 1983

Kilauea, Hawaii

Nov 6, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 11 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Oct 5, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 10 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Sep 16, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 9 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Sep 6, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 8 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Aug 16, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 7 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Gamalama, Indonesia

Aug 9, 1983

Partial separation of ash and SO2 in the volcanic cloud.

Colo, Indonesia

Jul - Aug 1983

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jul 23, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 6 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jun 30, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 5 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Mar 31, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 3 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Feb 25, 1983

SO₂ emissions from Episode 2 of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption.

Kilauea, Hawaii

Jan 3, 1983

SO₂ emissions at the beginning of the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption on Kilauea's East Rift Zone.

Soputan, Indonesia

Nov 9, 1982

Lopevi, Vanuatu

Oct 24, 1982

Mt Cameroon, Cameroon

Oct 16, 1982

Soputan, Indonesia

Sep 16-18, 1982

Soputan is not the only source of aerosols in these images. At this time, forest fires in Kalimantan were also producing a veil of smoke over central Indonesia. Galunggung (west Java) was also erupting, producing an ash cloud visible on September 19.

Volcan Wolf, Galápagos Islands

Aug 28, 1982

Aug 28 - Sep 8

The eruption started on the afternoon of August 28.

Soputan, Indonesia

Aug 26, 1982

Galunggung, Indonesia

May - Sep 1982

El Chichón, Mexico

Mar - Apr 1982

The March-April 1982 eruptions of El Chichón produced several vast SO₂ and ash clouds. The largest explosive events of the eruption occurred on March 28, April 3 and April 4. The April 4 event was the paroxysmal phase of the eruption, and the resulting SO₂ cloud was tracked for several weeks as it circled the globe. All of the clouds show some degree of separation of ash and SO₂.

Nyamuragira, Zaire

Dec 1981 - January 1982

Vanuatu

Jul 8, 1981

SO₂ degassing from either Ambrym or Lopevi (probably Ambrym).

Pagan, Mariana Islands

May 15, 1981

Alaid, Kurile Islands

Apr - May 1981

Hekla, Iceland

Apr 9, 1981

Pavlof, Alaska

Nov 11, 1980

Krafla, Iceland

Oct 18, 1980

Mt. St. Helens, Washington

Oct 17, 1980

One of a series of lava dome destruction events at Mt St Helens after dome growth commenced in June 1980.

Ulawun, Papua New Guinea

Oct 6, 1980

Etna, Italy

Sep 1, 1980

Etna, Italy

Sep 6, 1980

Hekla, Iceland

Aug 17, 1980

Times (UTC) of overpasses are given in brackets. Local time in Iceland is the same as UTC. This was a modest eruption, but the SO₂ cloud produced seems to have been relatively long-lived. Part of this cloud appears to have circumnavigated the globe in 5-6 days, eventually returning close to its point of origin. Other parts of the cloud moved across Russia, Alaska and Canada. A composite plot of TOMS data for August 18-23 is also available.

Mt. St. Helens, Washington

Aug 7, 1980

One of a series of lava dome destruction events at Mt St Helens after dome growth commenced in June 1980.

Mt. St. Helens, Washington

Jul 22, 1980

One of a series of lava dome destruction events at Mt St Helens after dome growth commenced in June 1980.

Krafla, Iceland

Jul 10, 1980

Local times of TOMS overpasses are given in brackets. Due to the high latitude of the eruption, it was detected in more than one orbit on some days.

Mt. St. Helens, Washington

Jun 12, 1980

Mt. St. Helens, Washington

May 25, 1980

Mt. St. Helens, Washington

May 18, 1980

Data gap over western and central USA on May 21.

Makushin, Aleutian Islands

May 1, 1980

Bulusan, Philippines

Feb 7, 1980

Nyamuragira, Zaire

Jan 30, 1980

Sierra Negra, Galápagos Islands

Nov 13, 1979

Karkar, Papua New Guinea

May 30, 1979

Ozone anomaly on May 29 indicates low-level SO₂ emissions, prior to minor eruptions of ash on May 30-31.

Soufriere St Vincent, West Indies

Apr 17, 1979

Soufriere St Vincent, West Indies

Apr 13, 1979

Karkar, Papua New Guinea

Mar 8, 1979

Ozone anomaly on Mar 7 indicates low-level SO₂ emissions. Some separation of ash and SO₂ is apparent on Mar 8. Note the prominent sunglint signal over the ocean north and south of New Guinea in AI data on Mar 8 - the ash cloud from Karkar is over land.

Cerro Azul, Galápagos Islands

Jan - Feb 1979

No data available for Feb 9.

Ambrym, Vanuatu

December 5, 1978

Effusive eruption of Ambrym.

Ambrym, Vanuatu

Nov 6, 1978

SO₂ degassing from Ambrym.